Scientists chronicle the earliest stages of a supernova

March 30, 2024

By Ari Rabinovitch

REHOVOT, Israel (Reuters) – About 20 million years ago, in a galaxy not so far away, a large star exploded and sent elements representing the building blocks of life racing through space.

About a year ago, by chance, as the light it emitted reached Earth, a team of scientists in Israel observed it and for the first time collected data on the earliest stages from such an explosion, known as a supernova.

The picture they are putting together offers a detailed look at the origins of crucial elements around us, like the calcium in our teeth and the iron in our blood.

“We are actually seeing the cosmic furnace in which the heavy elements are formed, while they are being formed. We are observing it as it happens. This is really the unique opportunity,” Weizmann Institute of Science astrophysicist Avishay Gal-Yam said.

The findings, published on Wednesday in the journal Nature, also indicate that the giant star, located in a neighboring galaxy called Messier 101, likely left behind a black hole after it exploded.

An amateur astronomer who happened to be watching that galaxy tipped off the researchers that something appeared to be occurring. They quickly focused their ground-based telescopes at the star and started documenting the early stages of the explosion.

The team, which included doctoral student and study lead author Erez Zimmerman, contacted NASA, which changed its schedule and aimed the Hubble Space Telescope at the supernova. This allowed early-stage observation of ultraviolet light from the explosion, which is blocked by the atmosphere and not picked up on Earth.

Along with tracking elements like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen blasted into space, the ultraviolet data showed a discrepancy between the star’s initial mass and the mass it ejected into space during the explosion.

Scientists chronicle the earliest stages of a supernova — FILE PHOTO: This composite image of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant, was assembled by combining data from five telescopes spanning nearly the entire breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum: the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, the XMM-Newton Observatory, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Photo released May 10, 2017. NASA, ESA, NRAO/AUI/NSF and G. Dubner (University of Buenos Aires)/Handout via/File Photo

“We suspect that after the explosion a black hole was left behind – a newly formed black hole that wasn’t there before. It’s the remnant of the explosion. A little bit of the mass of the star collapsed to the center and created a new black hole,” Gal-Yam said.

Black holes are extraordinarily dense objects with gravity so strong that not even light can escape.

Having created a sort of fingerprint of the supernova from start to finish, Gal-Yam said it could help scientists identify impending supernovas elsewhere.

“Perhaps we will be able in the next few years to say, not for all stars, but maybe for some of them, this star we think, we suspect, it’s going to explode,” Gal-Yam added. “That will be fantastic, and then we will know to be there and prepared.”