By Abigail Batey*

Formula 1 is not just a test of speed and driver skill – it is a showcase of some of the most advanced auto technology in the world. Behind every lap lies a network of high-performance systems engineered for precision, efficiency, and adaptability. From aerodynamic design to hybrid power units and real-time data analysis, F1 teams rely on cutting-edge technology to gain a competitive edge.

Aerodynamics: controlling airflow for maximum downforce

Aerodynamics play a crucial role in F1. Every surface of the car – from the front wing to the rear diffuser (a shaped piece of bodywork at the car’s rear) – is carefully sculpted to control airflow and create a low-pressure area, generating downforce.

In 2023, Red Bull Racing’s aerodynamic efficiency contributed to a 23% increase in straight-line speed compared to the previous season.

The primary goal is to maximise downforce, which improves grip and cornering speed while also reducing drag (the resistance a car experiences as it moves through the air), which impedes the straight-line speed.

Much of this work happens off the track. Teams invest heavily in Dynamic simulations and wind tunnel testing to evaluate thousands of design variations. During race weekends, front and rear wing configurations are adjusted to suit the circuit’s specific characteristics —low-downforce setups for high-speed tracks like Monza and high-downforce setups for tighter circuits like Monaco.

The Drag Reduction System (DRS) is a key piece of aerodynamic tech. When activated under certain conditions and specific parts of the track, it opens a flap in the rear wing, reducing drag and allowing for higher top speeds, which are essential for overtaking.

Real-time data and telemetry

An F1 car has more than 300 sensors monitoring everything from tyre pressure and fuel usage to engine temperature and driver input. This data is then transmitted in real-time to engineers both trackside and at remote operations, enabling fast decisions throughout the race.

Using telemetry (real-time data transmitted from the car to the engineers to show the car’s performance and driver’s actions), teams can identify issues before they become critical, fine-tune performance, and adjust strategy mid-race. Advanced machine learning algorithms and simulations help predict race scenarios such as tyre degradation, safety car windows, or optimal pit stop timing.

Simulation and setup tools

Before the cars hit the track, most of the groundwork is already done through simulators. These advanced, driver-in-the-loop systems model car behaviour based on past and current data. Engineers simulate various setup options during the weekend to find the best combination of aerodynamics, suspension, and tyre strategy.

During a race weekend, an F1 team processes over 1.5 terabytes of data collected from more than 300 onboard sensors. This allows engineers to monitor performance in real-time and make split-second strategic decisions.

Tyres, brakes, and cooling systems

Tyre performance is closely monitored using infrared sensors, which provide real-time temperature and wear data. The tyres are one of the most critical components on race day.

Teams use thermal cameras and pressure sensors to monitor temperature, grip levels, and wear. The data collected informs strategy decisions, such as when to pit or which compound of tyre to use.

Brakes are made of carbon materials and must withstand temperatures over 1,000 degrees. Cooling systems are crucial to both the engine and brakes. They are also tailored for each circuit, balancing airflow without disrupting aerodynamic flow.

Formula 1 is constantly evolving, with technologies used on the cars during a race weekend ranging from aerodynamics and hybrid systems to real-time data analysis. These technologies represent the modern world of automotive engineering, with applications that often extend beyond the racetrack into mainstream vehicle development.

As artificial intelligence, energy recovery systems, and sustainable fuels advance, F1 is poised not just to break speed records – but to redefine mobility as we know it.

*Abigail Batey is a third-year university student studying Sports Journalism at Solent University. She has a strong passion for sports media and enjoys combining her journalistic skills with her enthusiasm for sports to inform and create content and articles.